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社区选择聚合

背景

社区选择聚合(CCA)是纽约州授权的一项市政能源计划,它允许社区整合消费者的购买力,同时允许任何个人选择退出,从而获得更优惠的电力和/或天然气服务条款。CCA 最初在马萨诸塞州创立,目前已有近 2000 个市政当局使用该计划为纽约州、加利福尼亚州、俄亥俄州、新泽西州、新罕布什尔州、伊利诺伊州、弗吉尼亚州、罗德岛州和马里兰州约 10% 的美国人口提供服务。在美国各地,CCA 因其为消费者节省开支、提高可再生能源使用率、建设更多可再生能源设施以及增加地方和区域可再生能源项目的融资而备受认可。到 2024 年,十分之六选择绿色能源的美国人是 CCA 用户,而加利福尼亚州的六个 CCA 组织是美国最大的绿色债券发行机构,在全球排名第十。

历史

保罗·芬恩是本地电力公司(Local Power)的创始人兼总裁,他起草了马萨诸塞州最早的社区选择聚合(CCA)法案,以及加利福尼亚州最先进、最有效的CCA版本。本地电力公司还制定了最初的太阳能融资授权法案,该法案已获市政当局批准,旨在为用户拥有的可再生能源和节能项目提供绿色债券融资。芬恩最初设计的CCA面向零售市场,即市政当局聘请经纪人从批发供应商处采购更便宜或更环保的电力。后来,他为自己的家乡加利福尼亚州重新设计了这项政策,并成功推动了新的“批发”CCA法案的通过。该法案在2002年加州能源危机期间获得通过。芬恩曾撰写并组织支持马萨诸塞州具有里程碑意义的CCA法案,将其作为气候保护政策平台。然而,他对20世纪90年代末马萨诸塞州和俄亥俄州CCA的“表面化”成果感到失望,当时的CCA过于关注为小型客户提供短期折扣(平均节省5-15%),最终延缓了能源本地化的进程。在早期阶段,CCA 已经证明 CCA 在经济上优于放松管制,但并没有改变其基本商业模式。

加州新型的“批发式”社区选择聚合(CCA)模式,使市政项目在CCA实施过程中扮演了“运营”角色。芬恩根据他之前的经验认为,加州CCA与其仅仅雇佣经纪人或批发商,不如掌控能源服务的更多环节,从而实现更长期的能源采购。除了采购规划、提供节能产品和监督可再生能源开发之外,他们还可以雇佣员工和承包商负责输电调度、资源充足性、数据管理和后台运营。这是一种新型的无线公用事业模式。

但要让加州社区选择聚合(CCA)专注于本地化,还需要一个新的基础。Local Power 一直致力于为当地的可再生能源和能效项目提供融资。Local Power 的创始人保罗·芬恩 (Paul Fenn) 起草了法案,朱莉娅·彼得斯 (Julia Peters) 领导了旧金山选民于 2001 年成功通过的“太阳能债券”提案,该提案旨在补充芬恩早先提出的法律,使 CCA 不仅可以购买电网电力,还可以为客户拥有的本地可再生能源和能效项目提供融资和安装服务。这项名为“太阳能债券”的提案于 2001 年获得选民通过。

接下来的十年见证了太阳能债券与社区选择聚合(CCA)的逐步融合,最终形成了一种全新的能源模式——“CCA 2.0”。这促成了保罗·芬恩和朱莉娅·彼得斯创立Local Power LLC公司。当时亟需通过制定商业模式和法律法规解决方案,赋予地方政府为可再生分布式能源资源的建设和运营提供资金的能力。为了实现CCA的本地化,Local Power开始直接与地方政府合作,逐步构建一条将电力生产重新聚焦于城市及其居民的路径,并将商业模式从销售转向区域需求削减。

自2002年起,Local Power便着手制定政策和项目设计方案,为市政当局提供咨询服务,以推动本地化能源的实现,并协助社区选择聚合机构(CCA)在当地开展“建设”。Local Power成功争取到加州公共事业委员会的有利政策和数据访问权限,从而得以推进CCA 2.0项目。该公司与包括旧金山、索诺玛县在内的领先CCA机构以及加州和其他州的新兴CCA机构合作,最终将CCA 2.0变为现实。目前,这两个地区都在积极推进雄心勃勃的项目,这些项目旨在促进可再生能源的本地化,并加速、扩大需求规模,减少碳排放。

模型开发

Today, because of the leading development of the policy by Paul Fenn and the design work of Local Power, California CCAs are localizing their energy supplies using our innovations, such as contracting for local renewable projects, innovative strategies for energy efficiency, virtual power plants, and customer ownership with on-bill financing arrangements. LPI continues to advocate and develop this bolder, scaled, accelerated and enduring approach to CCA and has won a significant following for its approach in the process, with more and more CCAs defining their purpose in terms of the benefits of physical localization: green jobs, substantial and permanent greenhouse gas reductions, and customer ownership. Local Power drafted CCA legislation for New York State in 2014, and has been working with state regulators and the New York State Energy Research & Development Authority (NYSERDA) since Governor Cuomo subsequently issued an executive order authorizing CCA as a new platform for Distributed Energy Resources.

 

The Detailed Work of Real Localization

 

Growing nationwide interest in CCA is increasingly focused on physical localization in order to create more "real" benefits than greener energy supply or cheaper rates, such as local economic development, green jobs, and enduring greenhouse gas reductions, and even the Marin Energy Authority, which initially resisted this path, has adopted it as of 2014, and the same year three other CCAs had received Green Community awards from the Environmental Protection Agency.When Local Power shifted its focus to implementation in early 2000s, intervening with California Public Utilities Commission in 2004, and winning regulatory approval of full data access for CCAs to create models for energy localization, the company was as a result retained by Sonoma County to collect and analyze one of the first detailed Big Energy Data projects outside the utility space in the United States. Between 2011 and 2013 Local Power completed its CCA 2.0 program design for the City of San Francisco's CleanPowerSF program, preparing a business plan for the City to issue $1B in Solar Bonds to build a 25% localized energy system in five years, purchasing 100% renewable energy while maintaining rate parity with PG&E, and generating a $600M surplus in the tenth year of service. Since this, much of the 2.0 model has been realized in California.

 

Nationwide, as CCA has grown from just a few municipalities to over a thousand municipalities, Local Power has acted as Research & Development arm of the CCA movement, using CCA access to end-user data to create regional energy localization cost/financial models, and to prepare local governments like Sonoma County and San Francisco for their "soft landing" to implement city and countywide energy localizations and greenhouse gas reductions at rate parity or lower rates than incumbent utilities.

 

Today, with so many Americans living within CCAs, including well-known population centers like City of San Francisco and Cincinnati, rural areas like Sonoma County as well as many hundreds of less known small towns and rural counties, Local Power's CCA 3.0 Report has articulated a new local energy transition business model to implement municipally-run climate mobiliziations, through a "three dimensional" strategy that integrates electric vehicles and HVAC/hot water installations to augment widespread deployments of renewable microgrids. 

In New York State, Local Power's community energy model consists of separate but parallel and complementary municipal program "rails" to form a clear local community path while keeping CCA electricity and gas supply costs and materials separate but linked for informational purposes. 

Under municipally authorized DER Plans, Local Power's Tompkins Green Energy Network (T-GEN) is launching a "universal renewable shares" option for any energy users in the community, providing sites, onsite power off-takers and logistical and billing support for customer "advanced DER" cooperatives. Local Power is also engaging municipal governments to participate alongside neighborhoods - a community wide redevelopment process based on voluntary investments by energy users through a much more engaged OP-IN process that will be undertaken separately from legally but complementing an energy transition program called "Own Your Power.

The CCA program is authorized by the New York State Public Service Commission. The other program, being OPT-IN, is authorized  by Municipal Local laws. 

 

Designed to be implemented with smaller, more focused agencies than are required in California's CCA 2.0 (central generation) paradigm, Local Power LLC's new model for energy, involving these two separate but complementary activities to organize a local community wide energy transition, expands the technological horizon of potential regional decarbonization (how fast and how far climate action is possible), and we believe will exponentially expand the voluntary customer investment horizon as well, in this localization, for a maximum, sustained carbon impact on a magnitude and schedule beyond the pace of current markets, regulation or conventional municipal policy: a magnitude and schedule that is indeed commensurate with the United Nation's ten-year (2030) horizon for the worldwide transformation of energy in order to avert "irreversible damage to the earth's ecology," not to mention other destructive energy pathways out there in 2026.  

© 2026 by Local Power LLC.  All rights reserved.

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